The Accumulation of VEGFA in the Glomerular Basement Membrane and Its Relationship with Podocyte Injury and Proteinuria in Alport Syndrome

The pathogenesis of proteinuria in Alport syndrome (AS) remains unclear. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) is a key regulator of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). This study explored the expression of VEGFA in the glomeruli and its accumulation in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and their relationship with podocyte injury and proteinuria in Alport syndrome (AS). Clinical data and renal tissues of control patients (11 cases) and AS patients (25 cases) were included. AS patients were further divided into 2 groups according to the quantities of their urinary protein: mild to moderate proteinuria group (proteinuria <50 mg/kg/d, 15 cases) and heavy proteinuria group (proteinuria ≥50 mg/kg/d, 10 cases). The expression and distribution of VEGFA and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in the GFB, the phosphorylation of VEGFR2 (p-VEGFR2) and nephrin (p-nephrin), and the expression of synaptopodin and nephrin in the glomeruli were detected by immune electron microscopy and/or immunofluorescence, and their relationships to proteinuria in AS patients were analyzed. The accumulation of VEGFA in the GBM was increased in AS patients. The expression of VEGFA and the levels of p-VEGFR2 and p-nephrin in glomeruli were increased and were positively correlated with the degree of proteinuria in AS patients. The expression of synaptopodin and nephrin were decreased and were negatively correlated with the degree of proteinuria in AS patients. The over expressed VEGFA in the glomeruli and its accumulation in the GBM may activate the VEGFA-VEGFR2 and nephrin signaling pathways and lead to podocyte injury and occurrence of proteinuria in AS.